Light emitting device, display apparatus with an array of light emitting devices, and display apparatus method of manufacture

ABSTRACT

A light emitting device and display apparatus using a plurality of light emitting devices can drastically reduce contrast loss due to light from an external source. The light emitting device has (a) light emitting chip(s) and a first layer covering the light emitting chip(s). A second layer including a light scattering material is provided at least over the first layer, and the surface of second layer has a plurality of protrusions which follow the topology of the light scattering material. The display apparatus is formed by disposing these light emitting devices in an array on a substrate.

This application is a divisional application of U.S. Ser. No.09/907,715, filed Jul. 19, 2001 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,657,382.

This application is based on applications No. 2000-219932 filed in Japanon Jul. 21, 2000, No. 2001-202600 filed in Japan on Jul. 3, 2001, andNo. 2001-217915 filed in Japan on Jul. 18, 2001, the contents of whichare incorporated hereinto by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Technical Field

This invention relates to a light emitting device and a displayapparatus using a plurality of light emitting devices, and in particularto an improved light emitting device and display apparatus which reduceslight reflection at the surface to increase display contrast.

2. Description of Related Art

Today, light emitting diodes (LED's) capable of emitting each of the RGBcolors (red, green, blue) and LED's capable of emitting white light athigh luminance have been developed. As a result, the LED displayapparatus, made up of an array of a plurality of LED's, is being appliedin various fields. Compared with a light bulb, an LED has an extremelylong lifetime, high efficiency, and furthermore is resistant tovibration. These types of properties are being put to good use, forexample, in display applications such as advertisements, traveldestination directions, and highway information. LED's are also beingadopted for use as light sources for traffic lights; and for displayscreens from miniature to very large scale.

In particular, in an LED display capable of full color presentation, asingle pixel is represented either by a close arrangement of LED'scapable of emitting each of the RGB colors or by a single LED containinga plurality of light emitting diode chips capable of emitting each ofthe RGB colors. In either case, one pixel is represented by the mixtureof light from each light emitting diode chip. An LED display isconstructed by connecting together LED display apparatus, which arearrays of a plurality of LED's, in a body or frame such as apoly-carbonate resin carrier. Specifically, by fixing each LED displayapparatus in an installation frame provided, for example, on the wall ofa building, and by electrically connecting each LED display apparatus, asingle LED display can be constructed.

LED's are primarily of the surface mount type with leads that mount onthe surface of a substrate, or of the type with leads that pass throughthe substrate for attachment. Surface mount LED leads are bent to form aplane parallel to the substrate surface. LED's of the later type areformed with leads which are perpendicular to the substrate surface.

Of the LED's which have leads that can be surface mounted, chip-typeLED's have a favorable reputation. A typical chip-type LED is formed bydie-bonding an LED chip to the surface at the bottom of a cavity in aliquid crystal polymer package with leads formed in the package.Wire-bonding is performed as required. Next, package encapsulating resinis introduced into the cavity to at least cover the LED chip. On theother hand, a single type of encapsulating resin may be used to encloseand fix in place an LED chip and leads without using a package.

Of the LED's which are attached by passing leads through a substrate,lamp-type LED's have a favorable reputation. A typical lamp-type LED isformed by die-bonding an LED chip to the surface at the bottom of a leadcavity. Wire-bonding is performed as required. Next, encapsulating resincovering the LED chip is formed, for example, in the shape of a bullet.

In the present state of the technology, primarily LED's with leads whichpass through a substrate, such as lamp-type LED's, can pass more currentand emit with more luminance than chip-type LED's, which surface mounton a substrate. For reasons such as these, display apparatus withlamp-type LED's arrayed on a substrate are used primarily in outdoorapplications requiring high luminance. In cases where surface mountchip-type LED's are used in a display apparatus, light-weight andthin-panel construction are advantages over apparatus with lamp-typeLED's with leads which pass through a substrate. Further, sincechip-type LED display apparatus can realize a narrower pitch betweenpixels and higher density arrays, fine resolution image display can beachieved. For these reasons, display apparatus with chip-type LED'ssurface mounted on a substrate are used primarily indoors where thedistance from the display apparatus to the observation point is short.

Incidentally, inorganic or organic light scattering material is includedinside the encapsulating resin of the LED's described above. By thisconstruction, the efficiency of light extraction from the LED chiptowards the observer is vastly improved.

However, accompanying the current expansion of fields of application forLED's and display apparatus using a plurality of LED's, as well as thedemand for higher quality display, further improvement to reduce displaycontrast degradation has become necessary whether indoors or outdoors.

Specifically, when an LED is illuminated, external light such assunlight or artificial lighting incident at certain angles reflectsprimarily off the surface of the LED encapsulating resin resulting indegradation in the display contrast. Light reflection also occurs atlight emitting device side-walls thereby causing further displaycontrast degradation problems.

Even when an LED is not illuminated, external light can shine on theupper and side surfaces on the observer's side of the LED. As a result,light can reflect off at least LED surfaces producing glare whichappears white to the observer.

Clearly, in the case of an LED display apparatus with a plurality ofLED's arrayed on a substrate, display contrast degradation can alsooccur for the same reasons described above. Further, external light notonly reflects off LED surfaces but also off the substrate surface toreduce display contrast even more. Even when LED's are not illuminatedand even when the substrate itself is, for example, colored with a darkcolor, the display apparatus itself can appear white because of externallight reflected off the substrate or LED surfaces towards the observer.

Display quality of an LED or LED display apparatus is maintained by aninherent dark coloration such as black or dark blue. However, as aresult of light reflection at the surface, not only is display contrastreduced, but LED and LED display apparatus quality loss due to glare andwhite appearance is a problem.

Inside an LED, light scattering material of relatively small particlesize, such as silica, is included inside the encapsulating resincovering the LED chip to improve light producing efficiency. However,due to the influence of factors such as encapsulating resin surfacetension and specific gravity of the encapsulating resin and the lightscattering material, the light scattering material ends up completelyencased in encapsulating resin after final hardening, and the surface ofthe encapsulating resin ends up with a smooth surface. For this reason,even though the extraction efficiency of light produced inside thedevice can be improved, external light striking the smooth surface ofthe encapsulating resin produces glare. Here, the term “smooth surface”refers to an encapsulating resin surface, as described above, withroughness insufficient to scatter light from an external source. Namely,protrusions formed in the encapsulating resin surface due to an innerlayer of different material such as light scattering material are notsufficient to scatter light from an external source.

The present invention was developed considering the problems describedabove. Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide a lightemitting device and a display apparatus using a plurality of lightemitting devices which can drastically reduce display contrast loss dueto light from external sources. The above and further objects andfeatures of the invention will be more fully apparent from the followingdetailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The light emitting device of the present invention has a light emittingchip and a first layer covering the light emitting chip. In particular,the light emitting device is characterized by a second layer of lightscattering material provided at least on top of the first layer, and bythe surface of the second layer having a plurality of protrusions, whichfollow the topology of light scattering material.

As a result, when light from an external source shines on the device,glare at least above the first layer can be reduced. Therefore, nounpleasant sensation is given to the observer, and display contrast losscan be drastically reduced. Further, light from inside the lightemitting device can be scattered uniformly and emitted to the outside,and color mixing of light from inside light emitting devices can beimproved.

The light emitting device has a package with a cavity, and the lightemitting chip is disposed on the surface at the base of the packagecavity. Further, the first layer is positioned at least within thecavity, and the upper surface of the first layer may be concave.

Still further, it is preferable for the second layer to be positioned atleast over the concave surface of the first layer, and for the filmthickness of the second layer to increase from the edges towards thecenter region.

It is preferable for the light scattering material to have particulateform. This enables the protrusions which scatter external light to beeasily and reliably formed. In addition, light from the LED chip can beefficiently emitted to the outside.

The light scattering material included in the second layer may also bemade up of transparent material covered with dark coloration. Thisresults in a large reduction in display contrast loss due to irradiationby external light.

It is also preferable for the transparent material to also beinsulating. In this way, even if the coloration is conducting, shortcircuits can be effectively prevented.

It is preferable for particulate light scattering material included inthe second layer to have an average particle size of 10 μm to 20 μm, andit is preferable for the film thickness of the second layer to be 1 μmto 10 μm.

The display apparatus of the present invention is characterized by anarrayed structure of light emitting devices disposed on a substrate.

It is preferable to provide the second layer not only over the surfaceof the first layer of light emitting devices, but also over the surfaceof the substrate.

Each light emitting device is mounted on the substrate via conductingmaterial, and the conducting material is positioned at least outside thelight emitting device from an observer's viewpoint. The surface of thisconducting material located outside the light emitting device can becovered by the second layer. By doing this, reflection of external lightoff the surface of conducting material located outside the lightemitting device can be reduced. Further, short circuiting or opencircuiting of the conducting material located outside the light emittingdevice can be prevented.

The display apparatus method of manufacture of the present invention isa method of manufacture of a display apparatus with an array of lightemitting devices on a substrate, and each light emitting device has alight emitting chip and a first layer covering that chip. In particular,light emitting devices are disposed in an array on a substrate to form adisplay apparatus. The method of manufacture is characterized byincluding a step to then form a second layer with light scatteringmaterial over at least the surface of the first layer of each lightemitting device and the substrate surface on the observer's side of thedisplay apparatus. In this manner, manufacturing efficiency can begreatly improved.

From the above description, it follows that light reflection at leastfrom the surface of the first layer can be reduced by the light emittingdevice of the present invention. Since glare from the surface of thelight emitting device can be reduced, display contrast loss can bereduced, and the quality of the unit as a light emitting device can bemaintained. Further, in the display apparatus of the present invention,reflection of external light can be reduced at least at the surface ofthe first layer of each light emitting device and at the surface of thesubstrate. Since this can reduce glare and white appearance of thedisplay, display contrast loss can be reduced, and a display apparatuswith excellent visual appeal can be obtained. Since glare from externallight off of the light emitting device and display apparatus surfaces aswell as white appearance of the display are minimized even in thenon-light emitting state, quality as light emitting devices and as adisplay apparatus is maintained.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a lightemitting device related to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the region of FIG. 1 inside the brokenlines.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of another lightemitting device related to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of another lightemitting device related to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of another lightemitting device related to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is perspective view of the display apparatus related to anembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a displayapparatus related to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The following describes in detail a light emitting device and lightemitting device display apparatus related to the present invention basedon the drawings. However, the form of the following embodiments areintended as examples of a light emitting device and display apparatusthat are representative of the technology behind the present invention,and the light emitting device and display apparatus of the presentinvention are not limited to the following embodiments. Further, thesize and relative position, etc. of elements shown in each drawing maybe exaggerated for the purpose of descriptive clarity. Although thelight emitting device of the present invention is not limited to aspecific device, the light emitting device in the following embodimentsis described using a light emitting diode (LED) as an example.

LED's with leads which can mount on the surface of a substrate, andLED's with leads that pass through the substrate for attachment areavailable. In the present embodiments, FIGS. 1, 3, and 5 show chip-typeLED's which are used as LED's with leads which can surface mount on asubstrate, and FIG. 4 shows a lamp-type LED used as an LED with leadswhich pass through the substrate for attachment.

First, a chip-type LED provided with a package as shown in FIG. 1 isdescribed. The LED of FIG. 1 has an LED chip 3 die-bonded to the surfaceat the bottom of a cavity in a package 1 formed, for example, from aliquid crystal polymer in which leads 2 are buried. After wire-bondingas necessary with wire 4 such as gold wire, encapsulating resin isintroduced into the cavity to form the first layer 5 covering at leastthe LED chip 3. The package 1 is provided with side-walls 1 a which formthe cavity into which encapsulating resin is introduced. In addition,the LED is provided with a second layer 6, which has light scatteringmaterial 7, at least over the first layer 5.

Here, the second layer 6 is formed not only on the surface of the firstlayer 5, but also continuously over the upper and side surfaces of thesidewalls 1 a. The second layer 6 may also be formed over part of theleads 2 exposed from the sides of the LED on the observer's side. Inthis application, upper surfaces are positioned on the side towards theobserver.

FIG. 2 shows a magnified view of the region inside the broken lineborder of FIG. 1. As shown here, the surface of the second layer 6 has aplurality of protrusions following the light scattering material. Inthis fashion, glare from external light can be reduced, and light frominside the LED can be uniformly scattered and emitted to the outside.Further, by virtue of the second layer having protrusions which followthe light scattering material, color mixing of light from within LED'scan be improved.

Here, it is preferable for the light scattering material 7 to be of aparticulate form. In the present invention, particulate form impliescircular cross-sections, that is, roughly spherical form. As a result, aplurality of protrusions can be formed easily and reliably on thesurface of the second layer.

By using a particulate form of light scattering material, the fluidityof the light scattering material inside the second layer can beimproved. Therefore, light scattering material can be arranged withinthe second layer without uneven distribution, and formation of thesecond layer itself is made easy. Of course, the form of the lightscattering material in the second layer may also have any of thecross-sectional shapes which can achieve a certain degree of fluidity,such as elliptical or polygonal. Further, for any of the above lightscattering material shapes, the surfaces of the light scatteringmaterial particles may be micro-roughened, for example, as a result ofsome processing step.

At a protrusion in the second layer, it is not necessary to completelycover the entire light scattering material particle with the secondlayer material. Part of the light scattering material particle may beexposed from the second layer to the degree that it does not peel offthe second layer.

It is also preferable for second layer 6 film thickness to be 1 μm to 10μm, and for average particle diameter of the particulate lightscattering material 7 to be 10 μm to 20 μm. This allows protrusionswhich follow the topology of light scattering material in the secondlayer to be easily formed. Here, film thickness implies the thickness ofthe second layer in regions of no protrusion formation, and not thethickness which includes a protrusion or a light scattering materialparticle covered with the second layer material.

Further, by using light scattering material of particulate form, and bymaking the second layer 6 film thickness 1 μm to 10 μm and average lightscattering material 7 particle diameter 10 μm to 20 μm, light scatteringmaterial 7 particles can be positioned in a planar fashion at least overthe surface of the first layer without piling up in a directionperpendicular to the surface of the first layer. Since this results inalmost all light scattering material particles forming protrusions,external light can be efficiently diffused. In addition, by making thesecond layer 6 as thin as possible to form protrusions following thelight scattering material 7 topology, reduction in light output(luminance) from the LED chip 3 can be controlled to the maximum degree.

It is also preferable for the refractive index of the second layer 6 tobe smaller than the refractive index of the first layer 5. Specifically,it is preferable for the refractive index of the LED chip 3 (morespecifically, the refractive indices of each component material of theLED chip 3), the refractive index of the first layer 5, the refractiveindex of the second layer 6, and the refractive index of the ambientregion in contact with the second layer 6 to gradually decrease from theLED chip 3. In this manner, since the degree of total reflection due todifferences in refractive index at each interface is reduced, emissionefficiency of light from the LED chip 3 to the outside can be improved.Namely, luminance can be improved.

The following describes the case where the relation between second layer6 film thickness, 1 μm to 10 μm, and average light scattering material 7particle diameter, 10 μm to 20 μm, is not held. For example, if averagelight scattering material 7 particle diameter only is increased, theundesirable possibility of light scattering material 7 peeling away fromthe second layer 6 develops. Namely, the formation of the second layer 6including light scattering material becomes difficult in itself. If filmthickness of the second layer 6 only is increased, not only does itbecome difficult to form protrusions to scatter external light, butlight emission efficiency drops radically due to the formation of athicker than necessary second layer 6. Further, if the second layer 6film thickness and the average light scattering material 7 particlediameter are both decreased keeping the same ratio, external lightscattering efficiency drops. If the second layer 6 film thickness andthe average light scattering material 7 particle diameter are bothincreased keeping the same ratio, not only does external lightscattering efficiency drop, but light emission efficiency also drops.

In summary, by maintaining the relation described above between thesecond layer 6 film thickness and the average light scattering material7 particle diameter, protrusions of proper size for scattering externallight are easily and reliably formed. Further, since the second layerfilm thickness is not increased beyond what is required, light from theLED chip 3 can be efficiently emitted towards the observer. The secondlayer 6 including light scattering material 7 can also be formedrelatively easily.

In a chip-type LED provided with a package 1 as shown in FIG. 1,encapsulating resin is introduced into the package 1 cavity to form thefirst layer 5. However, when the encapsulating resin finally hardens,the top surface of the encapsulating resin can form a concave surfacedue to effects such as surface tension at the package side-walls 1 a. Ingeneral, when the encapsulating resin has a concave surface, reflectedlight is concentrated towards interior regions of the concave surfacemaking interior regions of the concave surface appear white to anobserver. However, reflection of external light off that surface can bedrastically reduced by forming a second layer 6 having a plurality ofprotrusions at least over the concave surface of the first layer 5.Here, a concave surface implies a surface which sags over a certain areafrom its edges towards its interior regions in crater-like fashion.

It is preferable for the second layer 6 formed over a first layer 5having a concave surface to have film thickness which increases from theedges towards the center region. Specifically, by forming the secondlayer 6 over the concave first layer 5, second layer 6 material collectsat the center of the concave surface and the slope of the second layer 6can be made small. In particular, by forming the second layer 6 thinenough to form protrusions following light scattering material topology,this effect can be made greater. That is, since volume loss duringhardening of the second layer 6 is less when the second layer 6 is madethin than when it is made thick, the slope of the second layer 6 can bemade smaller than the slope of the first layer 5. Since the surface ofthe second layer 6 can be made approximately planar in this fashion,concentration of external light near the center of the concave surfacecan be greatly reduced.

Incidentally, for LED's provided with packages, a cavity is formed byside-walls provided in the package. In the case of an LED with this typeof package, for example, as shown in FIG. 5, encapsulating resin of thefirst layer 22 can creep up the side-walls 18 a due to use of excessiveencapsulating resin and effects such as surface tension during cavityfilling with first layer 22 encapsulating resin. Encapsulating resin canextend to the upper surface of the side-walls 18 a and can oftenprotrude above that surface. As a result, a continuous encapsulatingresin protrusion is formed along the upper surface of the side-walls 18a. From the observer's point of view, the edges of the upper surface ofthe first layer swell outward. Consequently, edges of the LED uppersurface show particular glare when irradiated by external light. Againby forming a second layer over the first layer including the protrudingedge regions, glare from the upper surface of the LED can be effectivelyreduced. Further, by forming a second layer 23 including lightscattering material over the first layer 22, light emitted from the LEDchip 20, disposed at the base of the package 18 cavity, which ismisdirected to shine away from the observer by passing through firstlayer 22 material on the side-wall 18 a upper surface, can be reduced.Similar to FIGS. 1 and 3, LED chips 20 is bonded at the base of apackage 18 cavity in which leads 19 are buried, and necessarywire-bonding with wire 21 is performed.

LED's provided with a package as shown in FIGS. 1 and 5 have beendescribed. However, a second layer can also be formed on LED's notprovided with a package as shown in FIG. 3. Since the leads 8 and theLED chip 9 of an LED after wire-bonding as necessary with wire 10, withno package are covered and fixed in place by only the first layer 11,without addition of the second layer 12, first layer 11 material isexposed not only at the upper surface of the LED, but also at its sides.The second layer 12 including light scattering material is formed atleast over the upper surface of the first layer 11. Again, the surfaceof the second layer 12 has a structure with a plurality of protrusionswhich follow the topology of the light scattering material as shown inFIG. 2.

In the FIG. 3 example, the second layer 12 is formed continuously overthe upper and side surfaces of the LED. As a result, reflection ofexternal light can be reduced not only from the upper surface, but alsofrom side surfaces. It is also advantageous to cover part of the leads 8exposed at the sides of the LED towards the observer with the secondlayer 12.

An LED with no package has first layer 11 material, which passes light,disposed on side surfaces. Since external light can reflect not only offthe upper surface but also off side surfaces to cause a whiteappearance, provision of the second layer 12 over upper and sidesurfaces is particularly effective for an LED with no package.

Chip-type LED's, as shown in FIGS. 1, 3, and 5, with leads that can besurface mounted on a substrate, have been described. However, lamp-typeLED's, as shown in FIG. 4, with leads that pass through a substrate forattachment, can also be used. In a lamp-type LED, an LED chip 14 isdie-bonded at the base of a cavity in one of the leads 13, wire-bondingwith wire 15 is performed as necessary, then the LED chip 14 is coveredwith encapsulating resin to form the first layer 16, for example, in abullet shape. Next, a second layer 17 including light scatteringmaterial is formed over the first layer 16 in the same fashion describedpreviously. Again, the surface of the second layer 12 has a structurewith a plurality of protrusions which follow the topology of the lightscattering material as shown in FIG. 2.

In many LED's which can be surface mounted, leads are exposed from thesides to retain strength after surface mounting. When an LED isultimately mounted on a substrate via a conducting material such assolder, to some degree that conducting material creeps up the leadsexposed from the LED sides, and this assures surface mount strength. Inaddition, a certain height is required for leads positioned on the sidesof an LED to insure the strength of the LED itself. As a result of theserequirements, leads are exposed from the sides of an LED. In the worstcase, for example, leads can be exposed to the atmosphere, moisture canattach to a lead, and corrosion can cause open circuiting of that lead.

Therefore, the second layer can be formed continuously over the top ofthe LED and part of the leads, which are exposed from the sides on theobserver's side, while retaining lead exposure on the substrate side tothe degree that surface mount strength is not reduced. When conductingmaterial creeps up the leads during mounting, it is preferable for theentire leads to be covered either by the second layer material or by theconducting material.

Next, the display apparatus of the present invention is described basedon FIGS. 6 and 7. Although the display apparatus of the presentinvention is not restricted in type, the following favorable types ofdisplay apparatus are presented. These include an LED display apparatuswith a pixel formed by two or more LED's selected from the RGB colorsand pixels arranged on a substrate in an m-row by n-column array (wherem and n are integers ≧1), an LED display apparatus with a pixel formedby an LED containing two or more LED chips selected from the RGB colorsand arranged on a substrate in an m-row by n-column array (where m and nare integers ≧1), and an LED display apparatus with LED's of a singlecolor arranged on a substrate in an m-row by n-column array (where m andn are integers ≧1).

Here, an example is described using chip-type LED's 25, which can besurface mounted. First, a plurality of LED's 25 are arranged on asubstrate 24 provided with conducting patterns corresponding to eachLED. In each LED 25, the LED chip 28 is connected to leads 27 viabonding wires 29, and a first layer 30 of encapsulating resin is formedcovering at least the LED chip 28. Further, both the upper surface ofthe first layer 30 and the substrate 24 are covered together by a secondlayer 31 with light scattering material. Again, the surface of thesecond layer 31 has a structure with a plurality of protrusions whichfollow the topology of the light scattering material as shown in FIG. 2.

Typically, the LED's 25 are connected to the substrate 24 via conductingmaterial 32 such as solder. To assure attachment, in the case of thechip-type LED 25, conducting material 32 is formed in locations outsidethe LED 25 as seen by an observer. Therefore, it is preferable in thepresent invention to form the second layer 31 also over the surface ofthe conducting material 32.

Particularly in display apparatus used in outdoor applications, moisturecan adhere to the surface of the conducting material 32. In the worstcase this can result in short circuiting. Since at least direct contactwith moisture is prevented by covering the surface of conductingmaterial 32 with the second layer 31, short circuits due to thismechanism are effectively prevented in the present invention. Inaddition, corrosion can form on the conducting material 32, and in theworst case, the conducting material 32 can open circuit. Corrosion canalso be effectively suppressed by forming the second layer 31 over thesurface of the conducting material 32. Finally, reflection of externallight off the surface of the conducting material 32 can be effectivelyreduced by forming the second layer 31 over the surface of conductingmaterial 32 such as solder.

Of course, short circuits and open circuits at leads 27 exposed from LED25 sides and at substrate 24 conducting patterns can be effectivelyprevented by forming a protective second layer 31 over their surfaces.By covering all areas on the observer's side of the display apparatuswith the second layer 31, external light reflection can be reduced overthe entire display apparatus, and all areas of the display apparatus canalso be effectively protected.

In the LED's and LED display apparatus described above, a second layerprovided with a plurality of protrusions from its surface causes lightfrom an external source to scatter. As a result, optical degradation dueto external light can be drastically reduced at regions covered by thesecond layer. In summary, the second layer functions both as aprotective layer and a glare eliminating layer.

The display apparatus of the present invention may also have a mask overthe substrate. In the case of an LED display apparatus, a mask coversregions on the observer's side of the display apparatus outside LEDregions, and the mask may be formed, for example, from polycarbonateresin. In this manner, regions covered by the mask can easily beprotected from events such as external impacts. Further, by covering allregions of the display apparatus other than the LED's with the mask, LEDdisplay apparatus quality can be maintained. It is preferable to coverthe surface of the mask with the second layer. In this way, externallight reflection can be reduced not only at the LED upper surfaces butalso at the surface of the mask, and LED display apparatus quality canbe maintained.

Although the encapsulating resin of the first layer is not limited to aspecific type, transparent resins such as epoxy resin and silicone resinare preferable.

Although the second layer is also not limited to a specific material,resins such as fluorine resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, andurethane resin are preferable. In particular, by using fluorine resin,degradation of the light scattering material and the colorationdescribed later can be greatly reduced, and LED discoloration can beeffectively prevented. Here, fluorine resin refers to resin whichincludes at least fluorine in its molecular structure.

Although the light scattering material is also not limited to a specificmaterial, inorganic materials such as silicon oxides (silica), titaniumoxide, barium titanate, aluminum oxides, and organic materials such asacrylic resin, urethane resin, melamine resin, CTU guanine resin, andbenzo-guanine resin can be used with favorable results. As describedlater, light scattering material can also be other materials such aspigments and fluorescent materials covered with transparent material.

The second layer used in the light emitting devices and displayapparatus described above may be colored with a dark color such asblack. By doing this, display contrast can be radically improved. Tocolor the second layer dark, it is preferable to form the lightscattering material by covering a dark pigment with transparentmaterial. With this type of structure, the function of both the lightscattering material and the pigment can be realized in one type ofmaterial. Here, the transparent material is not limited to specifictypes, but organic materials such as acrylic resin, urethane resin,melamine resin, CTU guanine resin, and benzo-guanine resin are presentedas favorable candidates. In addition, the transparent material is notlimited to water-clear material. The transparent material includesmaterial which the light from LED transmits at least partially, such astranslucent material or colored material.

By including coloring material in the light scattering material in thismanner, the type and amount of material included in the second layer canbe minimized. This allows the light scattering material to be uniformlydistributed when the second layer is formed, for example, by spraying.As a result, external light can be effectively diffused and light froman LED chip can be efficiently emitted. Further, by covering the pigmentwith transparent material, the particle diameter of the light scatteringmaterial itself can easily be maintained. Therefore, a plurality ofprotrusions can easily and reliably be formed in the surface of thesecond layer.

By including a pigment in the light scattering material, the lightscattering material itself is colored with a dark color. Of course, itis also possible to color the second layer with a dark color byincluding pigment a in the second layer separate from the lightscattering material. Further, the first layer can also be colored, andboth the first and second layers can be colored.

In addition, pigments other than dark colors, such as RGB pigments canbe used. Use of these types of pigments is not limited to single colorsand a plurality of colors can be mixed and used. Of course, dark coloredpigments may be mixed with pigments other than dark colors. In thismanner, the LED itself can act as a light filter. Since the amount ofexternal light which enters into the LED interior and is then re-emittedcan be reduced compared to the amount of light which initially enteredthe LED interior, the white appearance of the LED itself from theobservers perspective can be effectively suppressed.

By using an inorganic pigment with carbon black as its primary componentfor dark coloration, any degradation due to discoloration can beminimized. Specifically, inorganic pigment with carbon black as itsprimary component has excellent properties to prevent light degradationcompared with organic pigments such as dyes. It is preferable to coverthe pigment itself with an insulating transparent material when using apigment with carbon black as its primary component.

Since carbon black is a good electrical conductor, short circuits arepossible in the worst case if excessive amounts of conducting pigmentare included in the second layer and the second layer is formed over thesurface of conducing materials such as leads. By covering a conductingpigment such as carbon black with an insulating transparent materialsuch as acrylic resin as described above, short circuits can beeffectively prevented. Of course, even if conducting pigments are notcovered by insulating light scattering material, they can be used bycontrolling their concentration to a level that will not cause shortcircuits.

Next, methods of forming the second layer are described. Any of thewidely known methods of forming a second layer on an LED and LED displayapparatus, such as spraying or dipping, can be used. In particular,spraying is used to form the second layer in the present invention, andis preferable because a thin 1 μm to 10 μm film can be easily formed onthe LED and the LED display apparatus surfaces.

First, formation of a second layer on an LED only is described. In thiscase, it is preferable to form the second layer on the LED connected toa lead-frame, which will later form the leads. Since the LED is not yetcut from the lead-frame at this stage, and in the end leads must contactconducting material for mounting on a substrate, formation of the secondlayer on those lead regions must be prevented by a technique such asmasking. By controlling the masked regions, the second layer can beformed not only on top of the LED, but also on its side surfaces. Inaddition, since the LED is not yet cut from the lead-frame at this stageand since a plurality of LED's are connected to one lead-frame, thesecond layer can be formed simultaneously on multiple LED's.

Here, a method of forming the second layer on multiple LED's connectedto a lead-frame was described. Of course, after surface mounting theLED's to a substrate, only the tops of the LED's can be exposed, forexample, by masking, and the second layer can be similarly formed on theexposed regions.

Next, formation of the second layer on both the LED's and substrate ofan LED display apparatus is described. In this case, it is preferable tosimultaneously form the second layer at least over the first layer andthe substrate on the observer's side after arranging the LED's on thesubstrate to make the display apparatus. Of course, the second layer canalso be formed separately on the LED's and on the substrate, and theLED's can subsequently be mounted on the substrate to make the displayapparatus.

Fluorescent material can be included in the first layer or the secondlayer to fluoresce due to light from the LED chip. Any of the widelyknown fluorescent materials can be used. The wave length of lightemitted from the LED chip is determined by the semi-conductor layermaterials and the crystallization mix in the LED chip structure.

The light scattering material can also be made of fluorescent materialcovered by transparent material. Since the film thickness for a secondlayer, which covers the periphery of fluorescent material, can be madethinner than a second layer with no protrusions, absorption of lightemitted to the outside from the light scattering material by the secondlayer can be greatly reduced. Namely, light emitted from the fluorescentmaterial can be efficiently emitted to the outside.

As fluorescent material, for example, materials based on the ceriumactivated yttrium-aluminum oxide family of fluorescent materials canemit light when excited by light from an LED having a nitride familysemiconductor light emitting layer. As specific fluorescent materials inthe yttrium-aluminum oxide family, YAlO₃:Ce, Y₃Al₅O₁₂:Ce (YAG:Ce),Y4Al₂O₉:Ce, and their compounds are named. Further, at least one of theelements Ba, Sr, Mg, Ca, and Zn can be included in the fluorescentmaterials of the yttrium-aluminum oxide family. In addition, byincluding Si, crystal growth reactions can be suppressed and fluorescentmaterial particles can be generated. Still further, part or all of theyttrium can be replaced by at least one element selected from the groupof Lu, Sc, La, Gd, and Sm, or part or all of the aluminum can bereplaced by one of the elements Ba, TI, or In.

The first layer and the second layer are not necessarily single layersand may be comprised of multiple layers. In addition, light scatteringmaterial of inorganic or organic material may be included in the firstlayer to improve light emission efficiency.

Second layer film thickness was measured by forming a second layer on asurface, subsequently scratching the second layer with a probe, andmeasuring film thickness with a surface roughness gage. Light scatteringmaterial average particle diameter is the average particle diametermeasured by a subsieve-sizer based on the air transmission method as thefundamental principle.

EMBODIMENTS

First Embodiment

The first embodiment of the present invention is an LED displayapparatus as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. In this application, chip-typeLED's are surface mounted on a 128 mm×128 mm (vertical×horizontal, fromthe observer's viewpoint) substrate in a 16 dot×16 dot(vertical×horizontal) array. Each LED is a 3 mm×3 mm×1.8 mm(vertical×horizontal×height) full-color chip-type LED with three LEDchips which can emit each of the RGB colors disposed at the base ofsingle package cavity.

In the first embodiment, after mounting chip-type LED's 25 on thesubstrate 24, a second layer 31 is formed over chip-type LED 25 uppersurfaces and over the substrate 24 upper surface by spray application toa film thickness of 1 μm to 10 μm of fluoride resin, which includessilica with average particle diameter of 5 μm to 10 μm and acrylic resinwith average particle diameter of 15 μm.

The silica and acrylic resin are both particulate in form withapproximately spherical particles and their indices of refraction are1.45 and 1.50 respectively. The index of refraction of the fluorideresin is 1.41.

The LED display apparatus of the first embodiment, as shown in FIG. 7,uses a conducting material 32, namely solder, to mount the chip-typeLED's 25 in an array on the substrate 24. In each chip-type LED 25, apackage 26 with side-walls 26 a is provided, and these side-walls 26 aform a cavity to hold the LED chips 28. The LED chips 28 are die-bondedto the base of the cavity and connected to leads 27 via bonding wires29. Encapsulating resin comprising the first layer is introduced intothe package 26 cavity in a manner covering the LED chips 28. In thepresent embodiment, epoxy resin with an index of refraction of 1.54 isused as the encapsulating resin comprising the first layer.

Experimental data for the display apparatus of the first embodiment isshown in the following table. Experimental data includes thechromaticity coordinates and luminosity when all RGB LED's areilluminated for white emission, chromaticity coordinates and luminosityfor only R light emission, chromaticity coordinates and luminosity foronly G light emission, and chromaticity coordinates and luminosity foronly B light emission. Here, the chromaticity coordinates arex-coordinates and y-coordinates measured based on the CIE (InternationalIllumination Committee) chromaticity chart.

x y luminance (cd/m²) White 0.3069 0.3189 1000.3 Red 0.5901 0.3684 385.2 Green 0.2940 0.6172  705.9 Blue 0.2134 0.1423  249.8

Further, dark luminance was measured for the LED display apparatus ofthe first embodiment. Specifically, all LED's were turned off, light wasshined from a 45° angle above the display front surface, and with abrightness of 5000 lx at the display surface the dark luminanceindicating the degree of reflection was measured at 165.9 cd/m².

Second Embodiment

Other than formation of a second layer with film thickness 10 μm to 20μm, this embodiment is the same as the first embodiment. Formation ofthe second layer was achieved by repeating the method of formationdescribed for the first embodiment twice.

Experimental data for the display apparatus of the second embodiment isshown in the following table. Again, experimental data includes thechromaticity coordinates and luminosity when all RGB LED's areilluminated for white emission, chromaticity coordinates and luminosityfor only R light emission, chromaticity coordinates and luminosity foronly G light emission, and chromaticity coordinates and luminosity foronly B light emission.

x y luminance (cd/m²) White 0.3076 0.3185 1005.0 Red 0.5878 0.3655 393.2 Green 0.2974 0.6114  713.1 Blue 0.2167 0.1455  259.5

Measuring dark luminance for the LED display apparatus of the secondembodiment in the same manner as for first embodiment, dark luminancewas 175.8 cd/m².

First Comparison Example

An LED display apparatus was fabricated for comparison purposes in thesame manner as the first embodiment except that no second layer wasformed.

Experimental data for the display apparatus of the first comparisonexample is shown in the following table. Again, experimental dataincludes the chromaticity coordinates and luminosity when all RGB LED'sare illuminated for white emission, chromaticity coordinates andluminosity for only R light emission, chromaticity coordinates andluminosity for only G light emission, and chromaticity coordinates andluminosity for only B light emission.

x y luminance (cd/m²) White 0.3094 0.3183 991.5 Red 0.585  0.3657 394.8Green 0.3044 0.6058 707.3 Blue 0.2211 0.1499 266.9

Measuring dark luminance for the LED display apparatus of the firstcomparison example in the same manner as for first embodiment, darkluminance was 184.2 cd/m².

As shown above, the chromaticity coordinates of each color for the LEDdisplay apparatus of the first embodiment and the second embodiment areessentially the same as those of the first comparison example. Inaddition, it is clear that dark luminance for the LED display apparatusof the first and second embodiments was 9.9% and 4.6%, respectively,lower than that of the first comparison example. Further, althoughsecond layers were formed on the LED display apparatus of the first andsecond embodiments, light output (luminance) was almost the same as thatof the first comparison example.

It is also clear from experimental results for this LED displayapparatus that the maximum reduction of surface reflection (darkluminance) was achieved for a second layer film thickness of 1 μm to 10μm, while chromaticity coordinates and light output was essentiallyunchanged. In the case of the second embodiment where the second layerwas formed by repeating layer formation twice, it is believed thatprotrusions, which reflect light from the surface of the second layer,were formed in excess.

Third Embodiment

In this embodiment, the same chip-type LED's used in the firstembodiment are surface mounted on a 92 mm×128 mm (vertical×horizontal)substrate in a 12 dot×16 dot (vertical×horizontal) array to form the LEDdisplay apparatus.

In the third embodiment, after mounting chip-type LED's on thesubstrate, a second layer is formed over chip-type LED upper surfaces,side surfaces, and over the substrate upper surface by spray applicationto a film thickness of 2 μm to 5 μm of fluoride resin, which includes11.0 wt % of light scattering material with an average particle diameterof 15 μm. In this embodiment, the second layer is colored black.Specifically, the light scattering material is formed by covering blackpigment comprised of carbon black with acrylic resin. The lightscattering material of this embodiment is particulate with approximatelyspherical shaped particles.

Experimental data for the display apparatus of the third embodiment isshown in the following table. Again, experimental data includes thechromaticity coordinates and luminosity when all RGB LED's areilluminated for white emission, chromaticity coordinates and luminosityfor only R light emission, chromaticity coordinates and luminosity foronly G light emission, and chromaticity coordinates and luminosity foronly B light emission. In the LED display apparatus of the thirdembodiment, the LED driver mechanism for activating each LED isdifferent than that for the display apparatus of the first embodiment.Therefore, the chromaticity and luminosity coordinates for each color inthe third embodiment are naturally different from those of the firstcomparison example.

x y luminance (cd/m²) White 0.267 0.238 795 Red 0.660 0.340 231 Green0.236 0.676 471 Blue 0.141 0.051 101

Further, dark luminance indicating the degree of reflection was measuredat 5.21 cd/m² for the LED display apparatus of the third embodiment byshining light from a 45° angle above the display front surface and witha brightness of 100 lx at the display surface.

Second Comparison Example

An LED display apparatus was fabricated for comparison purposes in thesame manner as the third embodiment except that no second layer wasformed.

Experimental data for the display apparatus of the second comparisonexample is shown in the following table. Again, experimental dataincludes the chromaticity coordinates and luminosity when all RGB LED'sare illuminated for white emission, chromaticity coordinates andluminosity for only R light emission, chromaticity coordinates andluminosity for only G light emission, and chromaticity coordinates andluminosity for only B light emission.

x y luminance (cd/m²) White 0.270 0.241 1069 Red 0.665 0.336  306 Green0.239 0.675  635 Blue 0.141 0.052  135

Measuring dark luminance for the LED display apparatus of the secondcomparison example in the same manner as for third embodiment, darkluminance was 3.69 cd/m².

As shown above, the chromaticity coordinates of each color for thedisplay apparatus of the third embodiment are essentially the same asthose of the second comparison example. In addition, it is clear thatdark luminance for the display apparatus of the third embodiment was29.1% lower than that of the second comparison example. This is believedto be a result of including dark pigment in the light scatteringmaterial.

Although the third embodiment had lower luminance than the secondcomparison example, luminance can easily be improved to targeted levelsby increasing the current supplied to each LED. In general, the LED hashigher luminance than other light sources, and in actual practice,current may be controlled to suppress luminance. In some cases,luminance can remain above the target level even after current has beenreduced as low as possible. From these practical considerations, it isclear that LED luminance alone can be increased relatively easily.

Accordingly, in the LED display apparatus of embodiment 3, to maintainrespective RGB LED's at 1600 cd/m², the current in each RGB LED can beincreased by a factor of 1.2, 1.4, and 1.4, respectively, resulting inluminance equivalent to LED's with no second layer formation.

As this invention may be embodied in several forms without departingfrom the spirit of essential characteristics thereof, the presentembodiment is therefore illustrative and not restrictive, since thescope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than bythe description preceding them, and all changes that fall within themetes and bounds of the claims or equivalence of such metes and boundsthereof are therefore intended to be embraced by the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A light emitting device comprising: a packagehaving a cavity which is formed by side-walls of said package; and alight emitting chip disposed on a surface at the base of the cavity;wherein, a layer including light scattering material is formed at leastover upper surfaces of the side-walls of said package, and wherein afilm thickness of the layer including the light scattering material isless than a particle diameter of the light scattering material, and atleast a surface of the layer including the light scattering materialformed over the upper surfaces of the side-walls of said package hasprotrusions that follow the topology of the light scattering material.2. The light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the lightscattering material includes at least one of fluorescent material andpigment.
 3. The light emitting device according to claim 2, wherein thelight scattering material is made up of at least one of the fluorescentmaterial and the pigment covered with transparent material.
 4. The lightemitting device according to claim 3, wherein the transparent materialis made of organic material.
 5. The light emitting device according toclaim 2, wherein the fluorescent material is a yttrium-aluminum oxidefamily of fluorescent materials.
 6. The light emitting device accordingto claim 2, wherein the fluorescent material is selected from the groupconsisting of a yttrium-aluminum oxide family of fluorescent materialsand a fluorescent material wherein part or all of the yttrium in theyttrium-aluminum oxide family is replaced by at least one other element.7. The light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein the yttriumin the yttrium-aluminum oxide family of fluorescent materials includesat least one of the elements selected from the group consisting of Ba,Sr, Mg, Ca, and Zn, or the yttrium in the yttrium-aluminum oxide familyof fluorescent materials includes Si.
 8. The light emitting deviceaccording to claim 1, wherein at least the film thickness of the layerincluding the light scattering material formed over the upper surfacesof the side-walls of said package is 1-10 μm, and the particle diameterof the light scattering material therein is 10-20 μm.
 9. The lightemitting device according to claim 6, wherein the at least one elementwhich replaces part or all of the yttrium in the yttrium-aluminum oxidefamily of fluorescent materials is selected from the group consisting ofLu, Sc, La, Gd, and Sm.